It is easy to find out what the nutritional content is in a mouse or a rat, and therefore what the difference is. I believe it is somewhere on rodentpro's website, amongst other places.
However, there has not been enough scientific study into exactly what the nutritional requirements of any individual species of snake is. So while we know, for example, which one has a higher protein content, we don't know if that higher protein content is better for the snake, makes no difference, or is worse for the snake.
A lot of BP owners report anecdotal evidence that BPs grow faster when fed rats. However, others report good results with mice. Even if this had been scientifically studied, it would not necessarily mean that the faster growth is better for the snake.
All this adds up to what Jenn said... there is a lot of debate. The fact is no one knows for sure.