I don't know that there's any scientific studies as to actual physical damage to their eyes, & I wouldn't look for any research, any time soon- but I'm sure it "hurts" their eyes the same as it does our own, & it's certainly annoying & most likely frightening to them. Not pleasant, that's for sure.
Yes I've done it only a couple times and won't do it again but I wasn't sure since they can't close their eyes.