Update. I got some feedback from folks who run reptile rescues and from an exotics practitioner:
Sulfamethaoxazole in the children's form gets used for other exotic mammals and birds, so the veterinarian likely saw that and assumed it would be fine for the snake. A better choice might be Fortaz (ceftazidime), but that is not carried by non-reptile vets so that's probably why it wasn't prescribed.
Everyone I checked with agreed that the bioavailability of oral drugs in snakes is questionable and that injectable antibiotics are preferred, but the oral is better than nothing if the snake owner feels they are not at all able to do injections.