Rodent pro has a link to a rundown of nutrient composition of whole prey, your vet is correct, baby animals don't have fully developed bones so less calcium, more fatty. There's quite a difference in various nutrient levels depending on age.
For example calcium percentages dry matter
mice, neonatal 1.17
mice, juvy 1.47
mice, adult 2.98
rat, neonatal 1.85
rat, juvy 2.07
rat, adult 2.62
However I haven't seen any evidence raising ball pythons on young rats will cause any issues, it's not a long term diet and the snake will be moved up to older animals.