I'm not at all handy so I would go with something like this - quick and easy! Mil-surp wool blankets are a decent size, cheap, and insulate well. You could also line the block walls with them. For the floor look into indoor-outdoor carpet or area rugs, especially if you plan on standing on it for any length of time, it'll be more comfortable.
Also staple some cardboard to the bottom of the rafters to make a fake ceiling, it'll be easy enough to pull down when you move out, and it will prevent heat from escaping out the top.