Good question. I think the "categories" are at the owner's discretion. For me, I call a hatchling anything under about 300g. My "sub adults" are anything from 300g to ___ and my adults are roughly 1500g and breedable (at least for females). There's a lot of overlap too. Most of my collection is 4-600g and I consider them subadults. I do have one 2000g girl and she's what I call an "adult".
As for what age do you start breeding females, most will tell you no sooner than 1500g. If you have the experience, you can breed sooner.