Nice rat rack! Do you use water bottles or are you going with gravity fed?
Some answers to your questions!
1. At about 6 weeks of age, rats can start reproducing!
2. I agree with the last post. That gap is a little to much for me. I would try and find some thin (1/4" or less thick) strips of wood or something and put it on top of the rails that the tub slides on.
3. When they are weaners (about 2 1/2-3 weeks) they should be able to reach it.
4. Not sure about coloring the tail. I can tell cause my males are usually bigger and you can plainly see their genitals.
5. That female is big enough to breed!
Love those mostly all black little ones!!
hope this helps,
Dave