Blushing is a fading in the dark pattern on the back - these girls have a lot of blushing:
Flames are the what you described, the lighter areas between the side patterns that come up as flames:
Alien heads are the side patterns that generally have two dots in them that look like little alien heads. You'll notice that a lot of people name their ball pythons "Roswell" because of this patterning.
Those that lack the two dots in the side patterns in all of the side patterns (or at least in 90% of them) are often referred to as reduced pattern (the first two pictures I posted are of reduced pattern females that also have blushing).
The dots along the back are not really referred as anything, but the lack of them makes a snake a black back - like this girl:
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