Humans: Carnivore, Herbivore, or Omnivore?

Since one of our fellow BPers has made the statement that humans are herbivores, and I refuted that with references to a great deal of evidence to the contrary, rather than hijacking the Bullfighting thread, I figured I would go ahead and give it its own arena.

So:
Evidence for omnivory in humans:

Dentition: Cutting surfaces and grinding surfaces evenly arranged. Molars are weak, not up to the task of grinding large amounts of plant matter. Canines are small, but canines are used for grasping prey, not for cutting meat, so are not necessary for an animal that does not kill using its teeth. Number of teeth reduced in modern humans. Jaw size also reduced, indicating a diet that is not high in fibrous or tough materials. Jaw PRESSURE in modern humans is quite impressive, however. We can crack a nut (or a bone) if we have to. In a fossil record, modern humans would be easily identified as omnivores.

Intestinal length: Herbivores use one of two strategies to enable them to digest plant matter--either an extremely long and elaborate digestive system (such as in a cow), or a shorter system that food is passed through more than one time (such as in a rabbit). Carnivores have a short digestive tract, because meat is high in nutrients and extremely simple to digest. Omnivores have a digestive tract that is intermediate between the two. In fact, the human digestive tract is closely comparable in length and structure to that of a pig--a devout omnivore.

Tools: Hominids and great apes are devout tool users. Tool use itself is an interesting adaptation that allows a species to take advantage of a variety of food resources. Some species rely on tool use almost exclusively in order to procure food, such as woodpecker finches. Great apes regularly use tools to procure their food--to crack nuts, for example, to fish for termites, and to kill small animal prey. Our closest living relatives, bonobos and chimpanzees, both kill and eat monkeys fairly regularly to supplement their diets. Female orangutans have also been observed catching and eating small animal prey, and fish. The oldest stone tools we have found created by homonids were clearly designed for pounding, cutting, and scraping. Cutting and scraping are needed for preparing meat, and not for much else. Throughout the progression of homonid tool development, we find increasingly sophisticated tools for preparing meat and hides, and for hunting (such as spearheads).

Behavior: Humans hunt. Even children, left to their own devices, will stalk small animals. Catching butterflies isn't just about the 'pretty'. We have all the instinctive equipment necessary to wait patiently for long periods, to track, and to persist. We enjoy the process of hunting, like all predators.

Physical fitness: Although you wouldn't know it by looking at the average cubicle-dweller, humans are incredible athletes. We are not particularly fast, but we don't have to be fast--we have tremendous endurance, and we can run for miles. Many prey species cannot. As a result, one of the oldest methods of hunting is known as persistance hunting. It involves selecting a large, fit male of a horned animal species, and following it until it drops dead of heat prostration and exhaustion. (The heavy horns tax the animal's strength faster). This is not a rare occurrence, or luck--it is a regular hunting style still practiced by the San people in Africa today. The San are our genetic ancestors, according to gene mapping...they are the oldest surviving lineage of humans on the planet. Humans can climb, dig, swim, jump, and run for miles without stopping. We are superb predators and are capable of grasping any opportunity presented to us.

Culture: The oldest existing human cultures on Earth are omnivorous. In fact, there are no primitive herbivorous cultures. There are primitive carnivorous cultures, however (the Inuit, for example).

Nutrition: Humans require vitamin B-12 in their diet, which is a vitamin that herbivores manufacture in their own gut. B-12 is found primarily in meat. B-12 is a very important vitamin for human health. Non-animal sources of B-12 are few and far between, and were largely or entirely unavailable to primitive peoples (such as yeast). No successful herbivore is unable to manufacture vitamin B-12 for itself.

Other various adaptation (such as digestive fluids and saliva):
As has been pointed out, meat is easy to digest. Vegetable food sources are difficult to digest, so most herbivores will concentrate their efforts on making the vegetation they find palatable actually digestible. It's much harder to digest a leaf than it is to digest a mouse, so more changes are needed to enable the digestion of plant matter. This is the flaw of omnivory:
You can eat many things, but you will not be perfect at eating any of them. Humans are poorly adapted to eating both meat AND plant matter, but they are supremely adaptable because they can derive proper nutrition from eating both.

Evidence for herbivory in humans: ? (I don't know of any).

I like everything, so my vote is Nomnomnivore. :gj:

I'm just going to start this off by stating that I am a vegetarian. I agree that humans seem to be made to be omnivorous, but we are also graced with exceptional intelligence and the ability to feel sympathy, as well as the ability to make our own lifestyle choices. Primitive humans did hunt and were omnivores, but now with all the medical advancements and new technologies humans can also afford to be herbivorous provided the right supplements.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Nate

I like everything, so my vote is Nomnomnivore. :gj:

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Im a nomnomnivore too!! Nomnomnom:chew:

I'm a meatetarian. It's a personal choice; takes a real commitment.

On a scientific level, the vegetarian resource group says we are omnivores:
http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/omni.htm

And on a personal note, I think vegetarians are awesome! They show great commitment to their lifestyle, and eat extremely healthy. If I had more self control, it would be something that I would do. But, unfortunately, it just isn't there.

I am a committed omnivore - I have no desire to go vegetarian or vegan ever. I have great respect for those that do, but it's not my cup of tea.

I think the most conscientious choice is informed omnivory. Permaculture and organic gardening and farming techniques, combined with a in-depth knowledge of the ecosystem and a focus on local food strikes me as far more admirable than vegetarianism that relies on supermarket produce.

Properly raised, naturally grown livestock need not be harmful to the environment--it can be considerably less harmful than growing food crops. Remember--hoofed animals can be grazed on native grasslands, and if proper attention and rotational grazing are employed, they will improve rather than degrade the habitat. Raising food crops in a conventional manner always destroys the native habitat.

It's not enough to know what labels were put on the food (such as 'organic' or 'vegetarian'). You have to know where the food came from and how it was actually produced. Venison steak and rotationally grazed, grass-fed beef is infinitely greener (AND more humane) than factory farm wheat crops soaked in pesticides which ran off into the rivers, and contributed to the oceanic dead zone at the mouth of the Mississippi. The sheer amount of death and suffering caused by fertilizer runoff is staggering to contemplate. Obviously any diet that includes tropical fruits if you do not live in a tropical area is not one that is ecologically sound.

Is it necessary to be ecologically optimal in all areas? I would say, no--it's not always practical, either. But it is important to consider your reasons for various actions that impact your health, and make sure that your logic is sound, and truly fits in with all of the facts.

But then, this was more about what humans are adapted to eat, more than what humans should eat to minimize their negative impact on ecosystems and the environment.

Which members thought we were Herbivores? And why? Thats silly...

We are Omnivore... I mean just look how our teeth are set up, they are not like horse teeth....

Of corse we are omnivores..... but my diet is mostly meat and call me naive but I don't like vegans.... because some of them try to tell us we shouldn't eat meat. Plus nothing sounds good abt a veggie burger.... now that is unnatural!

Quote:

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Originally Posted by dc1

Of corse we are omnivores..... but my diet is mostly meat and call me naive but I don't like vegans.... because some of them try to tell us we shouldn't eat meat. Plus nothing sounds good abt a veggie burger.... now that is unnatural!

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So because you don't like the few vegans that try to force their eating habits on you, you're trying to judge all of them because they don't eat what YOU eat. Brilliant. I'm also loving that you think what goes into most regular hamburgers is natural. Please keep posting, I love it all so far.


To the actual question, I agree with you once again, WingedWolfPsion. For all reasons stated.